The Principal Legacies of Imperialism for the Contemporary World Economy Free Essays

Conceptual This investigation investigates the essential inheritances of dominion for the contemporary world economy. The discoveries demonstrate that in spite of the fact that expansionism finished numerous years back, its belongings approaches despite everything stay in the worldwide economy and it is being helped by globalization. The created economies utilize remote guide and multinationals to control the economies of the creating nations. We will compose a custom article test on The Principal Legacies of Imperialism for the Contemporary World Economy or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Presentation The cutting edge world economy has been affected by both dominion and the experience of expansionism. Western colonialism overwhelmed the worldwide history over the most recent 200 years and it changed both the third world and western countries as far as culture, economy, governmental issues and socialization (Dutt, 2006). The term dominion was gotten from a Latin word imperator meaning dictatorial force and brought together government (Smith Dawson Books, 2008). As such government includes one nation commanding another nation or different nations in manners that advantage it and not the last mentioned. The effect of Europe on the world economy is noteworthy in light of the fact that it has molded the monetary circle. The inheritance of dominion exists as correspondence systems, financial structures and binds to metropolitan economies encapsulating previous states. Head Legacies of Imperialism on the Contemporary World Economy Dominion was the antecedent of globalization that portrays the contemporary world economy (Chattopadhyaya Das, 2007). This inheritance isn't completely favorable and the impacts of the rebuilding of economies of the previous provinces have prompted reliance on the metropole’s economies. Expansionism must be halted in light of the fact that it was exploitative, uprooted individuals from their common status and moved riches from one nation to the next. Be that as it may, globalization came up to supplant colonialism by accomplishing similar outcomes yet this time authentically and in a way that is politically right (Ramana Observer Research Foundation, 2008). The World Trade Organization and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade legitimized this inheritance of colonialism through setting up exchange understandings to kill exchange hindrances. This guarantees nations take part in their own oppression and in the process change themselves into neo-pilgrim states (Hont, 2005). Globalization has not prompted financial correspondence and association as it is frequently asserted. It has rather made the lesser created nations subject to the created nations (Dunning Lundan, 2008). What's more, it has likewise prompted obligation to the International Financial Institutions possessed by the west. Now and again it has likewise prompted uncalled for rivalry, more prominent obligation and expanded destitution. In spite of the fact that globalization has made riches for certain nations, it has additionally expanded destitution for other people. Dutt (2006) includes that it is a progressively productive method of misusing different countries with the assistance of set up universal establishments and components intended to ensnare the lesser created nations through making financial reliance, obligation, and expanding destitution. Anyway not at all like expansionism these nations can't rebel against the loss of their power. This is on the grounds that any endeavors to r evolt could cause them to lose financial guide that would bring about monetary and human emergency. This is an enormous hazard that these nations are never ready to chance. All these are results of the organizing of the economies of the previous settlements making them subject to fares, monoculture and changes in the worldwide market. Dominion made a political financial truth of reliance and misuse on the grounds that a large portion of the lesser created economies don't have full control of their monetary undertakings (Hont, 2005). There are counterarguments that political economies have lives of their own which make them not completely controllable or that globalization has removed such control from all nations. Anyway this recognition doesn't consider the way that there is an immense contrast in the degree of control. The northern country states have a moderately solid position due to the money related establishments and multinationals which give them higher power over their political economies (Tester, 2010). The southern country states then again are ruined, obligated and subject to remote venture and outside guide. Accordingly neo-expansionism steps in on the grounds that these country states have decreased control. The contemporary world economy is sorted out around entrepreneur dominion described by efficient aggregation of capital through composed work misuse and entering abroad markets. The capital radicals make interests in different nations, changes and afterward overwhelms their economies. Furthermore, they incorporate their profitable and money related structures into the global arrangement of capital collection (Chattopadhyaya Das, 2007). Extension is the focal basic of free enterprise since financial specialists possibly seek after undertakings whenever they see open doors for removing more than they contribute. These organizations possibly increment their profit when their ventures develop. As such the industrialists continue scanning for methods of producing more cash. They need to put resources into request to produce benefits and assemble qualities to have the option to beat off rivalry and capricious markets. Attributable to its expansionary nature, private enterprise needs to con tinue investigating different open doors from home. It is this extension that winds up devastating entire social orders as individuals are compelled to change into disfranchised pay workers (Smith Dawson Books, 2008). Shopper social orders, mass market and broad communications supplant people societies and indigenous social orders. Agribusiness manufacturing plant ranches override agreeable grounds, incorporated dictatorships supersede independent locales and forlorn shanty towns supplant towns. European and North American companies have procured and now command over 75% of mineral assets in Africa, Asia and Latin America (Dunning Lundan, 2008). In any case, the interest for characteristic assets isn't the main explanation behind growing tasks abroad. They additionally need to bring down the expense of creation and boost benefits through putting resources into economies with less expensive work markets. They make over half benefits in the lesser created nations contrasted with their nations of origin in light of components like low wages, feeble trade guilds, low charges, powerless or non-existent natural and word related insurances and non-existent work benefits (Guo, 2010). For example Citibank which is one of the biggest US firms makes about around 75% of its benefits from its tasks abroad (Ramana Observer Research Foundation, 2008). Colonialism has made it feasible for the global firms to keep becoming even when their home markets are drowsy due to the emotional development in the outside business sectors which despite everything stay unexploited. Presently nearly 400 transnational organizations control around 80% capital resources in the free worldwide market (Hobson, 2005). These organizations have created worldwide creation lines over the lesser created nations. Various sourcing permits these transnational organizations to conquer strikes in a single nation by expanding creation in different nations. By playing the laborers of various nations against one another, they debilitate them from setting expectations for pay and advantage increases which sabotage the techniques of worker's organizations. These organizations find modest work, common assets and other productive conditions in the less evolved nations. This is the thing that empowers them to produce tremendous benefits which they at that point repatriate back to their nations of origin. Both national and neighborhood governments frequently contend in pulling in global organizations with gigantic desires as far as work arrangement, charge incomes and financial movement (Sharp, 2009). These legislatures offer the organizations motivations as far as careless work or ecological guidelines, promises of government help, tax reductions and different sponsorships. Other than offering these legislatures a guarantee of financial development, these organizations apply control over government through their specialized and protected innovation. For example Microsoft has programming licenses and Adidas has licenses on shoe structures. The licenses permit these companies to practice their monopolistic powers in the neighborhood economy and in the process repress the development of the nearby endeavors. Furthermore, this syndication encourages them keep up low expenses of work and now and again even exploitative. Inferable from the size of these companies, they regularly impact gov ernment approaches utilizing dangers of withdrawal from the market (Louis, 2006). This powers the legislatures of the lesser created states to make polices that advantage the partnerships instead of ensuring the privileges of the residents. In this manner these partnerships abuse the nearby work power and channel the significant assets from these nations into their nations of origin. Along these lines globalization has made the lesser created economies to be reliant on the created nations. The worldwide organizations additionally cause lopsided conveyance of advantages in light of the fact that the assets are occupied from the nearby individuals into outside business sectors (Louis, 2006). For example land that could have been utilized to create nourishment for the neighborhood populaces is utilized by these organizations to develop money crops for their tasks. This prompts significant expenses of nourishment for the nearby populaces as they are now and again compelled to import what they could create locally if their common assets were adequately used. What's more, new produce are bundled for the global markets where they will get more cash instead of taking care of the neighborhood populaces. This is the motivation behind why remote reliance has prompted boundless lack of healthy sustenance

Impairment test under AASB 136

Questions: 1.The motivation behind the hindrance test? 2. How the presence of generosity will influence the weakness test? 3. The fundamental strides to be followed in applying the weakness test? 4. Crossbow Ltd is a substance that works in the assembling of cowhide footwear for ladies. It has forcefully embraced a system of purchasing out different organizations that had contending items. These organizations were sold and the benefits and liabilities brought into Crossbow Ltd? Answers: Presentation Impedance test under AASB 136 on the advantages of The Longreach bunch Ltd could be clarified as a method of finding the genuine estimation of benefits. AASB 136 has been changed and changed over into IAS 136. The Longreach bunch Ltd is private value firm which is for the most part occupied with venture benefits for the sake of customers in a few shared assets. Impedance test is significant so as to give valid and reasonable estimation of benefits in budget summary. According to different principles and guideline numerous substances have been utilizing impedance test, models, presumption to assess all the advantages. IAS 136 gives all the essential advances which ought to be trailed by The Longreach bunch Ltd for executing weakness test. 1. Motivation behind debilitation test IAS 136 gives all the means to debilitation of advantages. It tries to guarantee that companys resources are not booked at or not appeared at the higher incentive than its recoverable sum in its accounting report. A weakness test is recently embraced component begun in Australia to gauge the correct estimation of benefits. This test is executed at the time at whatever point it is required aside from if there should be an occurrence of altruism and other immaterial resources for which yearly debilitation test is actualized by elements. The for the most part reason for weakness test is to recognize or survey whether resources appeared in budget summary might be disabled for the duration of the time. Disability test causes substance to portray the valid and reasonable estimation of its association to its partners (Finch, 2009). 2. Effect on the hindrance test with the presence of generosity Altruism debilitation is connected with charge that organizations record when generosities conveying an incentive on the accounting report surpasses its reasonable worth. The Longreach bunch Ltd needs to run its debilitation test on its generosity on yearly premise (Godfrey, et., al., 2009). The fundamental effect on the disability test with the presence of generosity would be that organization needs to run its hindrance test on yearly premise. In any case, in the event that if organization gain other organization and it results into let down of money producing units from the consolidated business working. At that point for this situation organization should diminish its reasonable estimation of sum which was paid at the hour of securing of Target Company. Testing of generosity for hindrance Testing of generosity for hindrance is connected with distribution of money producing units. On the off chance that Goodwill has been conveying for CGU, at that point altruism related with the activity will be remembered for the conveying sum (Determined measure) of money producing unit when choosing misfortune and increase on removal. Altruism in business has direct impact on impedance test on CGU (money creating units) to which generosity has been distributed. In a perfect world altruism ought to be distributed to CGU that take benefits structure the cooperative energy of blend of two distinct units. On the off chance that the recoverable measure of unit is more than booked measure of units (to which generosity has been distributed) at that point it would be said not impeded resources. Be that as it may, in the event that on the off chance that conveying sum surpasses the recoverable measure of unit, at that point substance would be perceived weakness misfortune. Impedance test on altruism allotted to specific year. For weakness test, gained altruism in business will influence the hindrance test on CGU (gathering of advantages that produce money inflow). Generosity must be apportioned to CGU that are relied upon to take profits by the cooperative energy of mix of two organizations. For this situation AIT for the CGU wherein Goodwill was designated must be performed during the detailing time frame. Furthermore, singular test would likewise be done to personality the genuine estimation of all benefits of The Longreach bunch Ltd. (Hart, et., al., 2008). Impedance trial of generosity of The Longreach bunch Ltd is needy upon the recoverable measure of either element worth or value esteem. If there should be an occurrence of recoverable sum figured according to element esteem at that point results attracted hindrance test ought to be contrasted and contributed capital. However, if there should arise an occurrence of value esteem measure of recoverable worth would be founded on the investors of value. In the wake of examining this reality it would be processed that if recoverable sum dependent on substance esteem is not as much as speculation measure of The Longreach bunch Ltd then it will result into decrease of generosity add up to distinction sum. And yet conveying sum would not be diminished from its reasonable estimation of cost of capital (Sorros, et., al., 2015). 3. Premise steps in weakness test Hindrance test is worried about calculation of conveyed esteem, recoverable sum and distinguishing proof of money creating units specifically timespans. Endorse technique and other fundamental advances have been given under IAS 136. The Longreach bunch Ltd needs to decide the recoverable worth and conveyed estimation of the considerable number of benefits appeared in monetary record to recognize whether estimation of advantages have been debilitated or not. On the off chance that recoverable estimation of benefits is not as much as its conveyed esteem, at that point it hindrance of advantages would be made. Notwithstanding, in the event of generosity weakness test would be made on yearly premise. For the weakness test Longreach bunch Ltd would enjoy recoverable test for distinguishing the genuine estimations of things appeared in accounting report. Disability test would be assessed with the undisclosed Cash inflow of CGU and afterward it would be contrasted and their conveying sum. On the off chance that money inflow of CGU is not as much as measure of benefit appeared in budget summary then it would be verify that advantages of the organization isn't recorded at its actual worth and weakness test would be enjoy. There are following fundamental advances which are appeared in the graph demonstrated as follows. 4. Calculation of the Impairment Loss A. Conveying measure of money creating unit including generosity Sum ($) Land 200,000.00 Stock 180,000.00 Brand 'Crossbow Shoes' 160,000.00 Shoe Factory 700,000.00 Apparatus for assembling shoes 400,000.00 Altruism on procurement of contending 40,000.00 Absolute 1,680,000.00 B. Recoverable sum 1,420,000.00 C. Weakness Loss (A-B) 260,000.00 Diary Entry to Record Impairment Loss S. No. Record Titles Charge Credit 1 Weakness Loss 260,000.00 Altruism (Note-1) 40,000.00 Land 26,829.27 Stock Product ($260000-40000)/($168000-40000)*$180000 24,146.34 Brand Crossbow Shoes ($260000-40000)/($168000-40000)*$160000 21,463.41 Shoe Factory ($260000-40000)/($168000-40000)*$700000 93,902.44 Apparatus ($260000-40000)/($168000-40000)*$400000 53,658.54 (Being weakness misfortune perceived) 2 Benefit and Loss 260,000.00 Weakness Loss 260,000.00 (Being weakness misfortune charged to benefit and misfortune account) Note-1 Altruism sum will be deducted first at that point remaining sum will be utilized on customize premise to assign the rest balance (Li, et., al., 2011). End and proposal In this article debilitation test on the benefits appeared in the budget report of The Longreach bunch Ltd has been thought about. This test has given a decent understanding with respect to how to assess valid and reasonable estimation of benefits appeared in fiscal report of association. Furthermore, it is likewise seen that hindrance test is significant for assessing the genuine estimation of immaterial and elusive resources of organization. Presently at long last it would be said that weakness test ought to be attempted with away from of strategy given in IAS 136 by The Longreach bunch Ltd for distinguishing the valid and reasonable perspective on its advantages. References Detzen, D., Stork genannt Wersborg, T. Zlch, H. 2016, Debilitation of Goodwill and Deferred Taxes Under IFRS,Australian Accounting Review,vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 301-311 Godfrey, J.M. Koh, P. 2009, Altruism weakness as an impression of venture opportunities,Accounting and Finance,vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 117-140. Li, Z., Shroff, P.K., Venkataraman, R. Zhang, I.X. 2011, Causes and results of altruism debilitation losses,Review of Accounting Studies,vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 745-778 PETERSEN, C. PLENBORG, T. 2010, How Do Firms Implement Impairment Tests of Goodwill?,Abacus,vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 419-446. Sorros, J., Belesis, N. Karagiorgos, A. 2015, The Reliability of Impairment Tests: The Case of Vessels,Procedia Economics and Finance,vol. 32, pp. 1787-1793. Finch, N. 2009, The CEO's hindrance test,Critical Perspectives on Accounting,vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 872-872.

Understanding and Managing Customer Perception

Understanding and Managing Customer Perception Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Perception is reality for the individual.The way we think of ourselves has, sometimes obvious, sometimes surprising effects on our market decisions. Whether we think of ourselves as successful or not, rich or not, beautiful or not, safe or not â€" in a complex way these axes determine our profiles as buyers.We perceive our experiences and our possessions as extensions of ourselves, as extensions of our personality.‘I am free, therefore I am driving an expensive sports car’. ‘I am a busy businesswoman, therefore I am shopping from a high brand coffee shop’. ‘I am an environmentalist in my soul and therefore I only shop from eco-friendly brands’.And brands can and should create, manipulate and manage the image they create of themselves for their customers.There are two main schools of thought about customer perception. Organizations can either decide on their target market and align their image to match a favorable picture for that mark et, or decide on the image of their brand and their product and manipulate customer perception in order to be seen as the choice of the individual.If you want to learn more about customer perceptions, the channels through which it can be managed and the traps and tricks of customer perception management, continue reading.WHAT IS CUSTOMER PERCEPTION?Customer perception’s most common definition is:‘A marketing concept that encompasses a customer’s impression, awareness and/or consciousness about a company or its offerings.’You can assess customer perception regardless of whether or not the customer has heard of the product or service, whether or not their opinion is positive or negative, whether or not they have made a purchase.You can start building positive customer perception before you introduce the product, while you are conceptualizing it, at the time of purchase, or even post-purchase.HOW TO MANAGE CUSTOMER PERCEPTION?AdvertisingAdvertising might not be the biggest deci sion factor for a customer perception, but they would be the first thing that would start shaping their opinion of your organization, or your products.Advertising is the basis. It starts from creating the product the way you want it to look like, to sound, to smell. The nuance in color, the texture, the pleasure to the touch.The feeling you want to create in the customer when they hold it in their hands. How your product or your service will make their life better, easier, more luxurious, more meaningful.Advertising is the best channel to build customer perception about the values and the purpose of your brand. Create exposure for the variety of your products. First, you need to create exposure. The channels you chose to reach out to your potential customers is the first step towards building customer perception. Do your customers listen to the radio? Do they watch TV? Do they spend hours on the Internet? Which influencers are they interested in? Saturate the channel with informatio n about your product.TV advertisement is expensive. Therefore, TV would be the best place to advertise high-end products. It will be, however, a bad place to advertise digital products. You want to advertise them on the Internet â€" where you click on the ad, pay and start downloading the product in seconds. Niche products for IT experts cannot be advertised on TV. The customer cannot perceive they are purchasing a product for the masses.Second, grab their attention. This is the step between being aware of the product and actually considering it. Alert the customer with a message that would speak to them. Attend to the senses you find more successful in passing your idea across.Third, manage the interpretation. Tell the customer all they need to know about using your product â€" the benefits they will reap from using it. It is perfect, and it is perfect for them. Align the product with who they are and who they want to be. Tell them, show them how to use it in their life â€" in your video ads, in your posters in the subway stations, in your AdSense graphics.How to use advertising to manage customer perception?Right from the start. You need to make sure you stand out and offer a unique product. In order to have a message that will grab the attention, your product has to be like no other. And not just that, the difference has to be for the better. Not just a needless alteration. Create focus groups, go through feedback from your previous launches or versions of the product. Study the competition. Look deep into your product and produce a unique profile. Then communicate it to your customers. It is a simple message. ‘This is how we are different and this is why we are different’. It is up to you how close you decide to stay to that example, but make sure ultimately this is the perceived message.Do not make false promises. Resorting to false promises or false fame is a sin common for brands and products that do not have a lot of unique features. Stay away from superlatives. Are you sure your service is ‘the best’? Does your product ‘always’ work? Do you really offer a ‘lifetime’ guarantee? Your market (and in some cases the authorities) will want you to back up those claims with facts â€" focus groups, research, studies and tests are your best friend to build your credibility. Post those on your website and have your sources on your ads. Small print would do. Building an image of a brand with integrity is an investment in this AND your future products.Do not be afraid to edit your message. So your launch was a flop. You falsely interpreted the expectations of the market towards your product, your unique features were not appreciated. Your product had unexpected flaws. You cannot continue on the same path. You need to change your message. It doesn’t matter if your message is already on the packaging, or you paid lots of money to celebrities and influencers to endorse your product. If it doesn’t work it doesn’t work. Slow ly but steadily create a new logic in your message. Always start from the original â€" you cannot erase your initial intention. Gradually build your story until you are completely aligned with your customers’ expectations.Get closer. Make sure you know your customers. Personalize your message. Digital advertising gives you a lot of freedom to reach out to communities with particular interests, of particular background or on location. Control your communication. In a world of vicious competition, you are trying to capture the attention of the individual. You need an individual approach.Customer reviewsThe messages in advertising mainly come from the brand. However, customer perception is more and more often formed by peer opinion, rather than official brand messages.Customer reviews are the best channel to build customer perception about the quality of your product, and the level of satisfaction with personal experience. Because of social media, the importance of customer experienc es and reviews is raising. As a potential customer, the stories of thousands of other users with the brand and its products are just one Google search away.The average rating of online reviews can often be the ultimate test. Comparison between brands for a lot of products is becoming easy and numerical rather than complex and analytical.If we follow this logic, than why would we believe the brand and their message rather than easy to compare online reviews?In some cases, we can even filter out the best product for us, with a few clicks, all user-generated.Entire business models are arising that will digitalize competition, process customer reviews and allow us to find the perfect product or service.Let’s take one of those business models. Say, you are looking for a hotel for your visit. In Booking.com you can filter out the best hotel for your vacation or business trip based on:Property typeAvailability datesRoom size and number of bedsBudget per nightDistance from landmarksCancel lation policyAmenities (Sauna, Spa, Fitness, etc.)Wi-Fi availability and many othersOnce the customer has filtered out the must-haves, come the results, by customer-generated rating.How to use customer reviews to manage customer perception?Do not underestimate customer reviews. In the digital age customer reviews are the most important decision factor. Why believe the seller? They have an incentive to offer the worst product at the highest price. Customers’ incentive is to share stories. It makes the most sense to look for customer with the same demands and needs and find out what their experience was. Customer reviews are the best tool to for a potential user to know in advance if the price is worthy, if the product is of sufficient quality or if the service would work for them.Get a lot of them, but organically! You will find multiple offers on the internet to get you large volumes of likes, shares, views, high scores or fake customer reviews. 4 words. Do. Not. Do. It! First off , more often than not the platform you are working with will have mechanisms against that sort of fraud. You are risking being temporarily banned, fined or even being permanently unlisted. And, second, users have their way of recognizing ingenuine customer reviews. Even if they don’t, having a class-A online rating and poor service or product will only make the backlash that much more dramatic. You may experience a temporary high, followed by a critical, fatal low.Incentivize good reviews. If you cannot fake it, you will need to give a reason to your customers to review your products. Yes, can you imagine that, even if they love your product, a user can be perfectly content with their life without shouting from the rooftops how happy you made them? There is more to it. Unfortunately, people feel a higher urge to share bad experiences, than they do good ones. Meaning, you may have 10% unhappy customers, and 90% happy customers and your reviews could be completely balanced. The bad reviews would dull out the good ones. You cannot afford this asymmetry of reality to perception. Offer a free addon, a free trial, a free extension and any other stimulus you could think of, to encourage everyone to review.Pay attention to bad reviews. The product was not received? Poor customer service or customer support? The product did not look as expected? The service took longer than expected? Reach out to the customer. Tell them you observe your customer reviews closely and take care of the online presence of your brand. Offer them to rectify the situation in any possible way â€" can you offer them a discount for future purchases, throw in a bonus product, or get them in touch with one of your top specialists to finally resolve their customer support issue? Invest in your policy. Have someone exclusively look over your customer reviews and give them the power to be able to satisfy the customer. Keep communication open until you have a resolution. Then ask the customer if they will consider adding an update to their review and if they will reconsider the score they had given you.Public relationsAccording to The Institute for Public Relations, a new age has come in Public relations since the digital has entered our lives. It has given a tool to all customers to share their opinion on air. Social media creates a platform for information to go viral.Public relations are the best channel to build customer perception about the social responsibility of your brand. You are the brand that always takes the right position on polarizing social topics.It is a scary perspective, but the speed with which information can gain popularity, travel around the globe and penetrate the social discourse is astounding. And it leaves organizations at a constant risk of their carefully built image being completely disintegrated overnight.The truth is with opinions switching and moving so quickly, brands have dramatically less time for disaster management. The perception of a bran d can now change so drastically and in large scale when exposed to poor marketing tactics, questionable political statement or a viral video.United Airlines was involved in an accident where a security official violently removed an unwilling passenger after them being asked to leave voluntarily because their flight seat was double-booked. 53% of consumers reported they are less likely to travel with United Airlines after the accident.On the opposite side of the coin, the fans of Pepsi were more forgiving. Because of their long-term affiliation with the brand 77% say they are unaffected by the controversial advertisement with Kylie Jenner, where it seems the brand makes light of police violence protests of Black Lives Matter activists.Why? Pepsi reacts immediately to the public outrage. The company does an official statement they did not intend to make light of such serious issues and pulled the advertisement from air less than 24 hours after originally releasing it.How to use public relations to manage customer perception?Observe. The question is no longer just ‘Who are our customers?’ or ‘Who do our customers want to be?’. The question is also about how customers align themselves in polarizing topics. As is the case with Pepsi, recent events that look unrelated have to be carefully considered. While Pepsi is trying to catch the wind of an organic switch of public attention to a controversial topic, the same public consider Pepsi’s actions as trying to monetize serious events.React quickly. In a world where one accident can make you or break you overnight, it is your responsibility to react fast and thoroughly. Do not defend unpopular decisions. Cease and desist. Apologize. Learn a lesson.Focus on reinforcing the positive. Studies tell us that regardless of how detrimental negative PR can be for your brand, positive PR has even more significant effect on your customer loyalty.Social mediaSocial media is the strongest platform where you can sway the c ustomer opinion towards one or other direction. According to Clutch, 52% of consumers spend their time using social media more than any other media outlet.Social media is the best channel to build customer perception about the character of your brand. You are ‘the brand that listens’. You can be held accountable and are always responsive to your community.Instant gratification. Whereas with advertisement and PR your messages are carefully crafted and take relatively long time to reach the public, social media users are accustomed to short messages, quick reactions and interactive communication flow, which allows you to use it as the fastest way to get to a large audience.Personalized following. TV commercials may give you a lot of exposure to new audiences, but they could also give you wasted budget on an uninterested crowd. Social media allows you to reach groups that are already tuned in to hear what you have to say or show.Global reach. TV, radio and other types of local adve rtisement will only get you that far. If you want to reach your entire community, the easiest way to do it is via social media.Low budget. Once you have built your audience you can reach them on social media for free.Personal touch. Social media is interactive. It means you can A) observe the reaction to your messages in real time and B) mitigate bad response when you see one. You can establish a connection with the customer, get feedback and respond to constructive criticism. It is the perfect tool to build an image of ‘the brand that listens’.Consistency. Most social media platforms will allow you to schedule your posts and messages so you can regularly reach out to your audience and keep your communication open. You can use apps and statistics for the biggest platforms to learn when and what to post to reach the best engagement.How to use social media to manage customer perception?Honesty, transparency and trust. Use social media for its ability to offer personal touch to you r customers. Be responsive. Be open for communication. Accept constructive criticism, feature requests and appraisal. Show responsibility and prove yourself accountable for mistakes.Variety of expression. Use images, video, text. Share news and events that are compatible with your vision and values. People pay attention to different types of content â€" some perceive messages better when they are written. Some are more open to visual means â€" images and video. Some are open to music and dialogue. Some respond better to serious topics, other to humor or maybe content, evoking emotion.Be consistent. Schedule your posts and reach out regularly. Trust your statistics. Do tests. Don’t overdo it. Sometimes often is too often. Aim for optimum engagement.Be inclusive. When you build your content, you need to make sure you are speaking to your entire audience. Think carefully if crafting your message to match your target does not exclude people from different background, different countri es, economic status, political views or ethnicity.Learn more about working on your public relations via social media: Personal experiencesThe basics of personal experience is all about personalization â€" being responsive and being flexible.Personal experiences are the best way to build customer loyalty. If you can be the brand that aims to make each individual happy, they will stick to you. Your strategy involves 6 simple steps.Analyze what your brand offers and what your customers need â€" where do you meet?Categorize customer demand and make sure you are able to respond to each need with either the same product or different features or variations of your product.Make sure you are able to identify the occasion for each sale or experience â€" you already know what kinds of customers you will meet, now you need to recognize which type they are as soon as they make first contact.Make sure you have the resources to offer the right variation to the right customer.Offer continuous suppo rt â€" make sure you resolve every issue that arises.Go the extra mile. Throw in a free bonus, a next-purchase discount or a coupon code for affiliation. Tell your customer they are more than a deal for you. You really want to make them happy.How to use personal experiences to manage customer perception?Personalize customer experiences. Whenever it is possible, aim for in-person interaction. Encourage in-store consultants to engage with customers and offer them the best products. If you are offering digital products or services, enable a live-chat consultant.Analysis. Use data analysis to predict the needs of your customers, their demands, the possible issues and also peaks and lows in demand. First, make sure you have the legalities worked out. There are tough regulation on data analysis. Get consent from your customers to use purchase and interaction data and start gathering right away. Aggregate data with other open sources and use automated predictive analysis to better distribu te your resources to always be prepared to offer the best customer experience.CONCLUSIONWith managing customer perception, knowledge is power. Before you can become the organization customers love and prefer and are loyal to, you need to know who your customers are, who do they want to be, what are their issues and how they expect you to resolve them.Customer perception is very complex and comes from a place that is NOT on the market. The perception of your organization may depend on, or vary based on: the customer’s background, their income, their self-worth and their perception of themselves, their political or social views, their social group.There will always be a customer base you can never reach and never sway in your favor. The game of customer perception can only be played in a Venn diagram between who you are and who the market is.All you can do is manage your brand image and customer perception to bring those two together, and build a larger area for you to meet.

Sociology Essay - 1116 Words

Keyshla Mercado- G. Mrs. Amanda Richard SYG 2000 Web Sept. 9, 2012 Essay #1 According to, Datin Sitti Haishah Abd Rahman, â€Å"development of sociology took place in Europe during 18th and 19th centuries as the results: of a new industrial economy, the growth of cities, the political change, and a new awareness of society.† She adds that, â€Å"the term sociology was coined by a French social thinker Auguste Comte (1798-1857).† In the book, Thinking Sociology by Carl, sociology is defined as, â€Å"a science guided by the basic understanding that the social matters: our lives are affected, not only by our individual characteristics, but by our place in the social world.† Sociology should be studied using sociological imagination, â€Å"the ability to†¦show more content†¦Carl thought of functionalism as human bodies that have built in mechanisms that help it maintain normal body temperature. When cold, you will react by shivering. Society is similar, â€Å"when something happens to throw a social system off-kilter; certain forces step in to help balance things out. â€Å" Comte, as mentioned before above, â€Å"pointed out the need to keep the society unified at times when many traditions were breaking down; Durkheim’s work was based on this approach.† Another great founder to functionalism was Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). He also â€Å"compared the society to human body (just as the structural parts of human body function to keep the entire organism survive, the social structures work together to preserve society).† In addition, Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) â€Å"expanded the social function concept. He distinguished manifest functions (recognized, intended, openly stated functions) and latent function (unrecognized, unintended, hidden functions). Also acknowledge social dysfunction. Talcott Parsons was also another founder of this sociological paradigm.† Carl defines conflict theory as â€Å"a macro orientation because it studies how the struggle for resources holds society together.† He adds that, â€Å"this approach sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.† Raham goes more in detailed by explaining, â€Å"Sociologists investigate how factors such as class, race, ethnicity, gender, sexualShow MoreRelatedSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 PagesAS Sociology Sociology Nik Jorgensen Text  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 Illustrations  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 All rights reserved. The copyright holders authorise ONLY users of NTDL AS Sociology to make photocopies for their own or their students’ immediate use within the teaching context. 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Use Of Representations And Fractional Knowledge Education Essay Free Essays

string(152) " Instrument A computational fraction trial was developed and adapted from an EasyCBM, 6th class investigation and was administered to all participants\." This survey provides an scrutiny of fractional cognition demonstrated by 25 ( 7th and 9th class ) pupils from a suburban bunch of schools in a suburban community in Georgia. Students were given five fraction jobs necessitating them use representations for their replies. Analysis of single responses indicated that pupils at both class degrees lack a complete apprehension of fractional constructs such as portion to whole, fractional parts, and distances and relationships between measures. We will write a custom essay sample on Use Of Representations And Fractional Knowledge Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research suggests that larning is more meaningful when pupils are given frequent chances to interact with different theoretical accounts and rethink the constructs ( Dienes, cited in Post A ; Reys, 1979 ) . Harmonizing to Lesh, Landau, A ; Hamilton ( 1983 ) , mathematics constructs can and should be represented other ways as good, utilizing real-world objects, spoken symbols, written words, and written symbols. They suggest that pupils who use a assortment of ways to stand for fractions develop more flexible impressions of fractions. Petit, Laird, A ; Marsden ( 2010 ) province utilizing theoretical accounts and on a regular basis inquiring pupils to explicate their thought plays an of import function in direction. Asking pupils inquiries as they work through job resolution helps them construct upon their apprehension of fractions. Heller, Post, Behr, A ; Lesh ( 1990 ) , found that about merely one fifth of 7th graders and one 4th of 8th graders have a functional apprehension of p roportionality. Models should pervade direction leting pupils chances to job solve and develop apprehension of fractional constructs such as portion to whole, fractional parts, and distances and relationships between measures. Students demonstrate more trouble happening the fractional portion when the figure of parts in the whole is equal to the magnitude of the denominator instead than a multiple or factor of the magnitude of the whole ( Bezuk A ; Bieck, 1993 ) . Three types of theoretical accounts pupils use to interact with, work out jobs, and generalise constructs related to fractions are country theoretical accounts, set theoretical accounts, and figure lines. Student-drawn country theoretical accounts can be effectual for doing comparings of parts of wholes or turn uping fractions on a figure line. Circle theoretical accounts can be used efficaciously to compare fractions if pupils consider the size of the whole and are accurate in their dividers into equal-sized parts. Uniting theoretical ac counts with manipulatives can assist pupils concentrate on of import characteristics of the theoretical accounts and do comparings ( Petit, Laird, A ; Marsden, 2010 ) . Georgia Performance Standards In the first class pupils are expected to split up to 100 objects into equal parts utilizing words, images, or diagrams ( G1M1N4 ) . Specifically halves and fourths as equal parts of a whole utilizing images and theoretical accounts ( G1M1N4C ) . In the 2nd class pupils are expected to understand and compare fractions ( G2M2N4 ) . Students will pattern, place, label, and compare fractions ( tierces, sixths, eighths, ten percents ) as a representation of equal parts of a whole or of a set ( G2M2N4 ) . In the fifth class are expected to compare fractions and warrant the comparing ( G5M5N4F ) . Harmonizing to the Georgia Department of Education, pupils begin to develop an apprehension of fractions in the 3rd class. Students are able to see fractions in general as being built out of unit fractions, and they use fractions along with ocular fraction theoretical accounts to stand for parts of a whole. Students are able to utilize fractions to stand for Numberss equal to, less than, and greater than one and work out jobs that involve comparing fractions by utilizing ocular fraction theoretical accounts and schemes. Students develop apprehension of fraction equality and operations with fractions in the 4th class. They extend old apprehensions about how fractions are built from unit fractions, composing fractions from unit fractions, break uping fractions into unit fractions, and utilizing the significance of fractions and the significance of generation to multiply a fraction by a whole figure. Students begin widening apprehension of fraction equality and ordination by utilizing ocular fraction theoretical accounts in the 5th class. In add-on, pupils are expected to compare fractions with different numerators and denominators, understand add-on and minus of fractions as connection and dividing parts mentioning to the same whole, apply and extend old apprehensions of generation to multiply a fraction by a whole figure, and understand denary notation for fractions, and compare denary fractions. Research Questions In this survey, the undermentioned inquiries were posed: How good make seventh and 9th class pupils perform on fraction jobs that require them to utilize representations? Are there any important differences by class degree? Do pupils at the 7th and 9th class degree demonstrate an apprehension of fractional cognition? Method Participants Students from a suburban bunch of schools in a suburban community South of tube Atlanta participated in this survey. In this bunch of schools, the pupils from three simple schools, feed into two in-between schools, both in-between schools feed into one high school. The population of the high school, similar to the population of the feeder schools has a pupil population that is about 1 % Asian-Pacific Islander, 3 % Hispanic, 50 % African American, and 46 % Caucasic. For the 2009-2010 school twelvemonth, both simple and in-between schools met equal annually advancement ( AYP ) . The high school did non run into AYP. This survey included pupils in the 7th and 9th class. Teachers were solicited who had a professional relationship with the research workers. The categories represented included regular mathematics for pupils in the 7th class and Mathematicss 1 for pupils in the 9th class. See Table 1 for pupil demographics. Of the two instructors that submitted responses, 14 7th class and eleven 9th grade appraisals were submitted. For the intents of this survey, responses from all 25 will be included in the commentary. Images of alone and questionable responses will be provided to back up and document the pupil work that depicts effectual direction and acquisition or whether pedagogues and other stakeholders need to focus/alter direction to advance pupil larning A ; apprehension. The Instrument A computational fraction trial was developed and adapted from an EasyCBM, 6th class investigation and was administered to all participants. The trial assesses fractional cognition accomplishments and consisted of 5 points necessitating pupils to utilize representations for their replies. The appraisal was designed to place their ability to utilize representations, theoretical accounts, or incarnations of rational figure measures to reply a assortment of inquiries ( Petit, Laird, Marsden, 2010 ) . The appraisal focused on four key schemes or theoretical accounts pupils must be competent in utilizing when working with fractions or rational figure measures: models/picture based images, symbolic representations of fractions ( in fractional signifier ) , unwritten A ; written communicating or fractional measures, and utilizing real-world objects in context ( Petit, Laird, Marsden, 2010 ) . The first inquiry asks a inquiry for pupils to find the greater of two fractional measures – use of theoretical accounts or any representation is non expected. The figure line represents the measure or spectrum of values between 0 and 1. The figure line is divided into four equal sections without the values of each section labeled. The 2nd inquiry seeks to find if pupils are able to use a figure line to turn out their response to the first inquiry. The 3rd inquiry gives pupils a opportunity to utilize country theoretical account to place three-fifths of a 5-by-5 grid. The 4th inquiry is a circle where pupils are expected to place five-sixths of the country in the circle. The 5th inquiry is a set of 36 stars, real-world objects, where pupils are expected to place one-quarter of the entire figure of stars. The 6th inquiry is two rectangular boxes that pupils are expected to utilize ( as in measuring ) to find which measure is greater two-fifths or three-eighths. Execution The appraisal was administered during category for pupils in both categories on the same twenty-four hours. Participants in the 7th class were given the appraisal as a warm-up activity. Participants in the 9th class were given the appraisal after finishing a trial. In both categories, pupils were allowed 20 proceedingss to finish the five inquiries. During the appraisal, pupils were read the waies if requested, separately. Hints, hints, suggestions, and solutions were non provided. Analysis The research inquiries were analyzed by hiting the trials as correct, wrong, or non attempted. Each point was separately reviewed and compared with the other participant ‘s responses every bit good. The responses were analyzed to find how pupils represent fractions and job solve. In add-on, analysis focused on pupil apprehension of fractional cognition. Question one needed pupils to find the greater of two fractions ( See Figure 1 ) . Consequences indicated 23 correct responses, one non response, and an wrong response. The pupil that did non react was in the 7th class. The pupil that provided the wrong response was in the 9th class. In inquiry two, pupils were asked to come close the location of two fractions on a figure line ( See Figure 2 ) . Four pupils were able to come close the location of the measures of and right, 16 were inaccurate, and five pupils provided no response for the inquiry. Surprising, there were four responses from pupils in both classs that resembled the theoretical account created in Figure 1. Figure 3 is an illustration of a right theoretical account of the two fractional or rational measures. Responses similar to that found in Figure 2 and 4 rise concerns in the analysis of pupils ‘ apprehension of comparing rational figure measures utilizing a figure line because of the assignment of values that differ from conventional regulations of numeracy. Problem two in Figure 1 and 2 demonstrates that the pupil is utilizing whole figure logical thinking and puting the fractions on the figure line harmonizing to the magnitude of the denominators ( Petit, Laird, A ; Marsden, 2010 ) . Figure 1 Figure 2 number1a.gif number1c.gif The image in Figure A was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. The image in Figure B was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. Figure 3 Figure 4 number1b.gif number1d.gif The image in Figure A was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. The image in Figure A was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. For inquiry three, pupils were required to stand for portion of a whole utilizing a grid. Nineteen responses were right, two pupils did non react, and five pupil responses were inaccurate. Of the two pupils that did non react, one pupil was in the 7th class, another pupil was in the 9th class. Students in both classs provided an wrong representation of the part of the grid ( See Figure 3 ) . The inquiries that were correct all involve pupils shadowing in 15 of the 25 entire squares or boxes on the 5-by-5 grid. One of the right responses, Figure 5, shows how the pupil rationalizes the colouring of 15 boxes. Figure 5 Figure 6 The image in Figure 5 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. The image in Figure 6 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. Question four required pupils to stand for 5/6 utilizing a circle theoretical account. Two responses were right in stand foring 6 apparently congruous subdivisions of the circle ( See Figure 7 ) . All other pupils were non able to either pull the subdivisions of equal size or approximated the shaded, five-sixths, of the circle. One of the right responses was from a 7th grade pupil ; the other right response came from a 9th class pupil. Some of the more interesting responses or frequent mistakes noticed are provided in the tabular array below. Figure 7 shows that the 7th grader can come close the value of five-sixths, but is non able to demo the ground exact or approximative country confidently as seen in Figure 8. Figure 9 is really near to an accurate word picture of the country, nevertheless, the subdivisions of the circle are non tantamount – there are four eighths and two fourths shown. Figure 10 is from the same pupil who provided rational in Figure 6 ; nevertheless, the pupil makes the premise that the units of the circle as drawn similar to a grid are the same size. Figure 7 Figure 8 question5a.gif question5b.gif The image in Figure 7 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. The image in Figure 8 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. Figure 9 Figure 10 question5c.jpg question5d.gif The image in Figure 9 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. The image in Figure 10 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. Students were asked to place A? of the entire objects represented in inquiry 5. Twenty-three pupils provided the right response and two were wrong. Although there were different methods used by the pupils who identified the 4th of all 36 stars, every pupil identified nine as being the 4th utilizing real-world objects or touchable points. Of the two pupils that scored falsely on the job, one circled all of the objects and the other circled merely five. Question 6 measured whether pupils were able to right find if 2/5 is greater than 3/8 utilizing bars. There were five right responses and 14 wrong responses, showing pupils are unable to stand for the different rational figure measures as shaded parts of a set of equal sized subdivisions. Six responses were clean. Of the five responses that were right, three were from pupils in the 7th class, two were from 9th graders. Figure 11 shows that the pupil understood to partition the rectangles into parts determined by the denominator of both fractions, but were unable to make equal sized-partitions, an mistake identified by Petit, Laird, Marsden ( 2010 ) . Figure 12 seems to demo the same error, nevertheless, there is non a clear cut response as to which measure the pupil thinks is greater. Figure 13 represents a right response with an appropriate theoretical account of turn outing the pupils concluding and principle. Figure 11 Figure 12 question6a.gif question6e.gif The image in Figure 11 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. The image in Figure 12 was found on the answer sheet of a 9th class pupil. Figure 13 Figure 14 question6c.gif question6d.gif The image in Figure 13 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. The image in Figure 14 was found on the answer sheet of a 7th class pupil. Discussion Consequences demonstrated that pupils have trouble stand foring fractions at the 7th and 9th class degree. Students demonstrated trouble with relative believing throughout many of the undertakings. While some pupils were able to successfully put the fractions on the figure line in consecutive order, they were non relative. This was besides apparent when pupils used the country theoretical accounts to find which fraction was greater and when they were asked to shadow a fractional portion of the circle theoretical account. Harmonizing to Petit, Laird, A ; Marsden ( 2010 ) , inaccuracy of theoretical accounts can be the consequence of holding an uncomplete cognition about the importance of wholes being the same when compared to fractions. Consequences did non bespeak a distinguishable difference in fractional job work outing utilizing representations between 7th and 9th graders. Most 7th and 9th class pupils are able to utilize representations when work outing fractions. However, consequences indicate that some pupils demonstrate a deficiency of apprehension of fractional cognition. This is peculiarly concerning, given that pupils begin working on fractions in the first class and should get down to develop an apprehension of fractions in the 3rd class. Students who are unable to utilize fractions to stand for Numberss equal to, less than, and greater than one and work out jobs that involve comparing fractions by utilizing ocular fraction theoretical accounts and schemes lack a conceptual apprehension of fractions that will go on to impede their mathematical abilities as they are introduced to more complex math accomplishments. How to cite Use Of Representations And Fractional Knowledge Education Essay, Essay examples

Theory Of Economics Essay Research Paper theoryTHE free essay sample

Theory Of Economics Essay, Research Paper theory THE THEORY OF STORAGE. ? THE Supply OF STORAGE REFERS NOT TO THE SUPPLY Of STORAGE SPACE BUT TO THE SUPPLY OF COMMODITIES AS INVENTORIES. IN GENERAL A SUPPLIER OF Storage IS ANYONE WHO HOLDS TITLE TO SKS WITH A VIEW TO THEIR FUTURE SALE, EITHER IN THEIR PRESENT OR IN A MODIFIED FORM. SINCE PRODUCTION IS NOT STABLE FOR ALL COMMODITIES ESPECIALLY ARGICULTURAL CONSUMERS DEMAND THAT THE STORAGE FUNCTION BE SO PERFORMED THAT THE Flow OF COMMODITIES FOR SALE WILL Be MADE RELATIVELY STABLE. ? ( BRENNAN P. 51 ) ? the theory purports to supply an account of the retention of all stocks, including those for which there is non an active hereafter market. it will be shown that, on the supply side, in add-on to the fringy outgo on physical storage and the fringy convenience output another variable, a hazard premium, is required to explicate the retention of stocks as maps of monetary value spreads. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Of Economics Essay Research Paper theoryTHE or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page in the empirical portion of the survey the theory will be applied to stocks of several agricultural trade goods. the hazard premium for each trade good will be measured residually under specified conditions by deduc ting organize the monetary value spread between two periods the other two constituents of the fringy cost of storage. ? ( brennan p.50 ) IN GENERAL WE CAN OBTAIN A MEASURE OF THE RELATIVE RISK PREMIUMS INVOLVED IN THE STORAGE OF DIFFERENT COMMODITITES. ? Allen Paul, in a 1970 American diary of agricultural economic sciences article, studied the pricing of grain storage infinite in the United States government during the excess period of the fiftiess and 1960s. Paul? s work differs from other plants in that he investigates the pricing of all grain storage non merely that available to a peculiar trade good. While brennan? s fringy storage cost is from the point of position of the proprietor of the grain, Paul is looking at the first constituent merely. he is merely looking at the charge to proprietors of grain for binspace by lift operators # 8230 ; while Paul? s estimated equations may propose a traditional positively sloped supply map, he was forced to concede that, despite his premises of? no convenience output, ? his estimated equation appeared to reflect this phenomenon. the survey suggests that trade good contracts are an indirect agencies of pricing services. ? ( book article p. 215-220 )

10- Essential Facts about Weight Loss Medication Essays - Health

10- Essential Facts about Weight Loss Medication Introduction Managing weight has remained one of the greatest concerns of Human Beings since ages. They have employed different scientific and natural techniques to overcome this problem but remained unsuccessful. They have also tried different types of diets but in vain. For the last few years, this problem has reac hed its peak and inclined Human Beings to think about this problem seriously. It has emerged like a disease no wadays . In the past, the problem was not much common because of pure foods and healthy activities. But, now a day, the impure and fast foods and unhealthy activities have given birth to this menace. People are using different medications to get rid of this disease. It is mandatory for everyone to understand some facts about these medications before going for these. Following are some important facts about weight loss medication to be kept in mind: 1- Only good for over weighted The very first and the most important fact to keep in mind is that these weight loss medications are not suitable for the persons who are little overweight. There have been some recommended levels of obesity to be prescribed for these medicines. Usually a person with BMI 25-30 is considered overweighed. An overweighed person does not need any medicine if his weight is not causing serious health issues to him. A person with only a few pounds of excess weight is recommended to take exercise and intermittent fasting to get rid of excess weight. Body Mass Index is the rule set to know over weightiness. 2 - Not Good for Pregnant Women It is an observed fact that weight loss medications are not suitable for pregnant women or those who are attempting to get pregnant. Almost all the medicines contain stimulus to increase heart rate to burn more calories and this increased heart rate is not good for the fetus. If extremely necessary, pregnan t women are advised to use contraception along with weight loss medication. Food and Drug Association does not recommend any weight loss medication to be taken during pregnancy. They even consider dieting a harmful practice for the fetus. Weight increase is natural to pregnant women for the growth of the fetus and this type of obesity sheds after the delivery. 3- Health Benefits are Greater than Results Almost all the weight loss medicines can decrease weight about 5-10 percent. But, keeping in view its positive effects, it is a great gain. This 5-10 percent weight loss can be helpful in control of many diseases like high blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugar. These medicines alter the functions of Mitochondria, the power house of cells, and force the body to burn more fats. It is also a fact that these medicines prove more effective if taken along with dieting and regular exercise. 4- Both Dieting and Exercise Needed for Long Lasting Results For gaining long term results in weight loss management, medication alone cannot fulfill needs. These should be taken as an additional supplement along with exercise and controlled diet. Doctors recommend eating less Protein and Fibers to gain results because these contain higher calories. Intermittent fasting is a very good technique to be employed because it is also a form of dieting. These medications should never be considered substitute for diet and exercise. 5- Too much Side Effects It is a proved fact that all the chemical medicines have side effects and same is with these medicines. Almost all the weight loss medicines come with certain side effects. These side effects may include increased heart rate, high blood pressure, indigestion, seizures and many others. For exampl e Qsymia may increase heart beat and Contrave is known to be the cause of seizures. There have many serious cardiovascular events happened which discourage the use of such medicines. However, a medicine with herbal contents is most recommended because of less or no side effects. 6- Role of Doctor Increases Over Time The role of Doctor cannot be neglected in weight loss management. There are many weight loss medicines available in market but it is your doctor who has to recommend a certain medicine for you. A doctor usually gives

Coordination in English Grammar

Coordination in English Grammar In English grammar, coordination or parataxis is the joining of words, phrases, or clauses of the same type  to give them equal emphasis and importance. The common conjunctions and, but, for, or, not, yet and so to join the elements of a coordinate construction. Clauses joined by coordination are main clauses or coordinate clauses, and a sentence containing two or more clauses linked by coordination is called a compound sentence; this acts in contrast to subordination, which joins the main clause of a sentence with a subordinate clause. This important distinction can be simplified by saying that coordinate constructions are composed of elements that are equally important, while subordination relies on two or more elements wherein one relies on the other to provide context and meaning. Commonality and Usage Chances are as a native or non-native English speaker, you have been using grammatical coordination just about as long as youve been able to form complete sentences. This very sentence is a coordinate construction in itself, and when speaking its truly the conjunction words that define a sentence as a coordinate construction. In the written form, coordination can help maintain a pace, rhythm and flow to a writers piece, providing a means to string along a complex thought without interruption of periods and their subsequent verbal pauses. Primarily though, these function best in comparison and comparative essays.   Disjunctive conjunctions like or or either...or serve the opposite purpose in contrasting phrases and clauses; therefore, a well-written compare-contrast essay utilizes both disjunctive and conjunctive  conjunctions to create a fluid and eloquent observation on the given topics, exploring their similarities and differences without confusing the intended audience. Gapped Coordination and Joint Coordination There are two types of coordination that are additionally utilized, providing special rules for when the verbs of both clauses are the same: gapped coordination or joint coordination. Oftentimes, these are used without thought, but in order to identify them, there are a few unique differences between the two. In gapping the verb is omitted from the second clause, leaving a gap in the middle of the clause. For instance, the sentence Kyle plays basketball, and Matthew plays soccer could be rewritten Kyle plays basketball, and Matthew soccer and still make grammatical sense. This process maintains conciseness in writing as well as speech. On the other hand, joint coordination is used when a noun phrase cannot be separated into separate clauses because the words function as a unit. For instance, the sentence Pete and Cory are a dynamic duo, would not make sense if rewritten as Pete is a dynamic duo, and Chris is a dynamic duo. Joint coordination, then, forms a dependent noun-verb phrase wherein the noun phrase of Pete and Cory function as a unit.

Legal enviroment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal enviroment - Essay Example Furthermore, the essay also intends to explore if an individual is capable of self-regulation and how ethics can influence the regulation process. Issue The main concern in the context of government regulations in business area is that whether such regulations are necessary. The problem with respect to regulations is that thorough imposing them, the activities of people become delimited and thus managed by the government, thereby violating the rights of individuals. By regulations, the choices of people to conduct certain commercial activities are also restricted. Besides, it has also been argued that low regulations in business and low government intrusion can facilitate people and businesses to earn more revenue and thus they can spend more on economic development. However, to a certain extent government regulations in business is necessary in order to support productive business practices. Reasoning According to Jefferson (2012), human beings are able to live in a society, govern themselves by self-imposed regulations and secure the pleasure of life, freedom, property and peace. The basic reasoning behind self-regulation is that people have absolute rights regarding life and liberty to pursue happiness. Government regulations, if considered necessary, are introduced to secure the sanctification of these rights. The main reasoning behind regulations is that government has a responsibility to oversee the activities of people, because they cannot be trusted for making the proper choices. In the context of business, government regulations are used to control such activities which can otherwise result in business and ultimately market failure. For certain individuals, self-regulation is a contradictory element of business, but it also provides several advantages in the field of business. The five potential benefits of self-regulation are immediacy, flexibility, obedience, cooperative interests of industry and resources. On the other hand, self-regulation also has several disadvantages which comprise conflict of interest, insufficient consents, under enforcement, international competition and inadequate resources. Evidently, self-regulations comprise both benefits and limitations. Thus, it is neither an integrally effective nor an ineffective way to govern business conducts. The key challenge is to derive the condition in which self-regulation can be regarded as the proper strategy to encourage ethical behavior and also to find ideal methods of planning self-regulatory organizations. In reaction to corporate frauds, it is reasonable to decide who should regulate the behavior of business organizations and business transactions. In this context, it can be stated that it is not a simple choice to follow either government regulation or self-regulation, rather it is a query of how self-regulation can be utilized (Coglianese et al., 2004). Even if self-regulations have received blame from public due to corporate frauds, it cannot be uninhibited co mpletely. As an alternative, the solution would be to change the inner governance system of the self-regulatory organizations by permitting them new power or altering the level of government observation (Coglianese et al., 2004). Analysis Several sectors of businesses have long complained regarding government regulations and their restrictive characteristics. Government regulat

Organisational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational Culture - Essay Example Involvement is a very important factor in any place of work. Everyone needs to feel like they are part of the organization so that they can concentrate all their effort in making the company better. In Denison’s model, involvement is one of the components of an effective organization. According to the model, involvement makes people in the organization feel that whatever their input is, it is not taken for granted; instead it is used to make the organization better (Denison et al, 104). Involvement should also not target some people in the organization and leave out other. Everyone form the most junior worker to the highest ranking official needs to be involved in the day to day running of the company (Parker, 2002). Consistency is another important aspect of an affective organization as proposed by the Denison model. Organizational cultures need to be consistent and well coordinated. This way, the core values of the organization will be entrenched and a positive work attitude created among every employee in the organization (Denison et al, 100). When the organizational culture is consistent, running the organization becomes very easy and efficient. Employers and employees can come to agreements on certain issues affecting the company even if they might have divergent points of view. This creates an atmosphere of tolerance and respect which promotes the organization’s productivity (Alvesson, 2002). Adaptability is the third aspect of an effective organization that Denison explains in his model.

Employee Relations Analysis of UK Airline

Employee Relations Analysis of UK Airline 2.2.1 An overview of employee relations Employee relations is a term which is now frequently used but very ambiguously defined. It is usually regarded as the substitution of industrial relations. Although many professional bodies such as CIPD (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development), and many of the recent textbook authors such as Blyton and Turnbull (1998), Farnham (2000), Gennard and Judge (1999), and Hollinshead et al. (2003) considered that there are still some differences between employee relations and industrial relations in context and emphasis, it seems that the term employee relations is still indistinguishable from industrial relations in their articles and books (Rose, 2008). Industrial relations issues actually turned up since the Industrial Revolution in the UK. However, it did not emerge as a recognized field of study and area of vocational practice in industry until approximately 1920, appearing first in the United States (Kaufman, 2004). In the United Kingdom, where the birthplace of industrial relations, it did not became a academic research subject until a decade later and did not get a mainstream position until after the Second World War. This disparate pattern of the term in the US and UK was caused by several factors, such as their different university systems, different management and labour market status, etc (Kaufman, 2004). Kaufman (2004) defined the post war period until the end of 1970s as the golden age of industrial relations, when the term gained rising academic visibility and enhance its influence on national labour policy. After the golden age, a cold climate period emerged, which can also be recognized as the beginning of the shift from industrial relations to employee relations. The shift was resulted in by several influences. Since the early 1980s, an obvious decline in trade union recognition arose at workplace (Salamon, 2000).Kessler and Bayliss (1998) summarized three major factors that resulted in these new departures. The first factor was the political environment of this period. During the period of the Conservative government (from 1979 to 1997), a series of steps were taken to limit the scope of trade union action, set new rules for trade union operations and enhance the role of management, because the government treated trade unions as an institutional impediment, which are harmful or at least unnecessary, to the operation of free markets (Legge, 1995). The marginalization of trade unions enhance the power of employers and gave them more flexibility to deal with employees more directly, so that they could achieve the business goals based on their own value systems without the hindrance of powerful collective bargaining from unions (Hollinshead et al., 2003). The second factor was economic changes. With the development of economic globalization, competition became fiercer in both the product market and the labour market. The decrease in manufacturing industry leaded to the high levels of unemployment. In addition, the great post war recessions were another reason, which raised unemployment dramatically. The third was change in management policies. As a result of fiercer product market competition, organizations began to realize that only hold the technology advantage is no long enough to maintain their competitive advantage. Employers sought to achieve higher level of employees productivity than the past to improve the organizational performance. In addition, non-unionism not only changed the balance of bargaining power between employees and employers, but also individualistic issue within employee relations, although this result is not the object of Conservative legislation. Besides these factors mentioned above, Hollinshead et al. (2003) additionally insisted the social-demographic factors, which refer to higher education levels, woke life balance, and the increase number of women and part timer in labour market, and technological factors, which refer to flexible working time, knowledge workers and computerisation of routine jobs. Because of those different situations, the professional party and textbook authors mentioned above tried to define the new boundary for the term employee relations so that it can be distinguished from the traditional industrial relations. Based on a series of interviews and surveys with human resource practitioners and employee relations managers, CIPD defined employee relations to be a more comprehensive employment relationship than the traditional industrial relations. As CIPD indicated, employee relations emphasizes more particularly on direct communication, managing organisational change and involving and motivating staff, while industrial relations is a narrower conception which just refer to the relationship between employers and collective employees (CIPD, 2005). However, the definition made by CIPD just reflected the perspective of employers. Gennard and Judge (1999) argued that comparing with the CIPDs perspective, the academic discussions require the plurality of perspective on issues and themes. Therefore, they defined employee relations as: a study of managing employees both as individuals and as a collective group, with the priority given to the individual as opposed to the collective relationship varying between companies depending on the values of their management. (Gennard and Judge, 1999) They emphasized the importance of acquiring employee relations knowledge and skills in unionised environments as well as non-union environment. In addition, they also treaded the relative balance of bargaining power between the buyers and sellers of labour services as one of the most important employee relations concepts. Similarly, Farnham (2000) also insisted that the essence of employee relations is paid employment or the pay work bargain between employers and employees. As Farnham, Gennard and Judge all emphasized upon individual aspects of the employment relationship more than collective aspects, Blyton and Turnbull (1999) considered that industrial relations was included in employee relations. They summarized that the particular industrial relations is only about trade unions and strikes. On the other hand, they viewed that employee relations is not only about the collective relationships, but also about the relationship between individual employees and employers. However, the collective aspects of relationship between employees and employers are still their focus point in the field. No matter how many differences these party and authors summarized between industrial relations and employee relations, there is still no significant distinction between these two terms. As Rose summarized (2008), employee relations become more mainstream than industrial relations may be just because it is considered as a more acceptable term than industrial relations as it averts the negative undermeaning associated with industrial relations. Like Edwards argued in 1995: In order to survive, industrial relations needs to change its focus to employment relations, examining not just institutions but how the employment relationship operates in practice, and exploring the outcomes for efficiency and equity. To sum up, employee relations is the outcome of changing contemporary industrial relations influenced by many external factors such as economic environment, development of technology, political steps, etc. It refers to not only the collective aspects of relations between workforce and management, but also the individual aspects of the relationship. 2.2.2 The importance of employee relations to airline industry Belobaba et al. (2009) indicate that the employee relations is particularly important in the airline industry. First of all, the fundamental reason for the significant position of employee relations in the airline industry is its service-intensive nature. Airline industry is labour intensive industry; therefore its proportion of labour costs to total costs is very high. Figure 2.1 European airline labour and fuel cost shares (%) of total operation costs: 2001 to 2008 Source: ITAT (Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation, 2010) Although the research made by ITAT indicates a slight decrease of labour cost from 2003 to 2008, it still in a large share of total operating costs. According to Rodrigue et al (2009), the percentage of labour cost in the operating costs of the airline industry in the world was approximately 35%, which illuminated about 75% of all non-fixed costs. Figure 2.2 Operating Expenses of the Airline Industry (2004) Source: ATA Annual Report 2005 (Rodrigue et al, 2009) Second, with the high level of union representation in this industry, employees can affect the performance level of airlines significantly. Those effects can be positive and also negative. For example, in adversarial employee relations environment, no matter achieve agreement or not in collective bargaining, it will result in higher costs and less operating flexibility (Gittell et al., 2004) for companies. If collective agreement can be achieved, higher wages should be paid for employees and companies layoff plan may be restricted to improve employment security of employees. If collective agreement cannot be achieved, additional costs might be leaved to companies through collective dispute such as strikes, go-slows, etc. On the other hand, employees also play important roles in adding values for companies. They can reduce companies unit costs through their coordinated and committed efforts and their productivity-enhancing ideas (Gittell et al., 2004). In addition, they can provide hi gh quality service to customers which can be seen as a competitive advantage in contemporary airline industry. Therefore, the status of employee relations within airlines can significantly affect their costs, their financial performance, and the achievement of their business goals. 2.2.3 New perspective of employee relations within contemporary airlines in the UK In the UK, airline industry has a tradition of adversarial employment relations (Marchington et al., 2004). Most airlines within UK accept the existence of trade unions; however, generally have bad relationships with them. Layoffs and wages cut are usually the first strategy used to improving financial performance and avoiding crisis during an economic recession (Rodrigue et al, 2009). However, reducing labour costs is not the only way to get competitive advantage and achieve better financial performance. According to Legge (1995), employee relations actually do not need to be so adversarial even in labour intensive industries. She argued that even companies choose to be more competitive on costs, they can still achieve this aim by increasing the productivity of their capital assets rather than by reducing labour costs. Similarity, Batt (2000) considered that comparing with reducing labour costs, investing in better employee relations could gain a greater return. Hence, like Gittell and Bamber (2010) summarized, although reducing labour costs are the focus of an service sector companys competitive strategy, their costs can be cut down not only by cutting wages and benefits, but also by increasing labour productivity. Management style in employee relations Different authors summarized different types of management styles in employee relations under different systematization. 2.3.1 The unitary theory and the pluralist theory Fox (1966) identified unitary perspective and pluralist perspective based on different general control and direction of labour. There are three main differences between these two perspectives: 1. Management acceptance and recognition of trade unions 2. Views about managerial prerogatives and employee participation 3. The perceived legitimacy of, and reactions to, conflict at work. (Blyton and Turnbull, 1998) Hollinshead et al (2003) indicated that unitary perspective of employee relations essentially treats employee relations as a harmonious relationship between employers and employees. The unitary perspective emphasize that there is a common goal between employees and employer. This common goal can avoid the potential source of conflict and hold employees and employer together to strive for their common objectives. Because of the harmonious relationship within a unitary employee relations environment, there is no need for a third party on behalf of either employees or employers to participate in bargaining process (Hollinshead et al, 2003). Therefore, trade unions are not necessary for both employers and employees. In other words, the labour market is depicted as a natural structure composed of an omnipotent management backed up by the state and of labour dependent on those two parties for its well-being (Gospel, 1992). However, the high level of consensus between employees and employers not always exists, even it does, it is hard to be maintained. The assumption is not reasonable in most application. Employees may accept a series of organizational objectives at the very beginning, but it is unlikely to maintain the long-term cooperation of a workforce (Hollinshead et al, 2003). The failure of the assumption reflects some weaknesses of the unitary theory that is summarized by Hollinshead et al (2003). First, it ignores the existence of differing interests between employees and employers. Second, conflict between employees and employer were considered as deviance (Palmer, 1983). The only way to deal with the conflict is dismissal or the law. Third, with more developed management techniques, many practitioners indicate that ignoring employees interests could result in more intense conflict. Although the unitary perspective can be seen as the earliest theory used to describe employee relations, it refers to many contemporary management ideas related to corporate culture and human resource management (Farnham and Pimlott, 1995). Hence, many employers nowadays still adopt this perspective as good business sense. Comparing with unitary theory, pluralist theory is a perspective that can more accurately reflect the employee relations within larger and more complex employment environment. The pluralist theory acknowledged that there is a limited level of conflicting interests between employees and employers, so that all parties within organization need to work together to achieve a consensus (Hollinshead et al, 2003). Like Trades Union Congress (TUC, the umbrella organisation of the trade union movement) described in a policy document published in 1997: The theme of this statement is partnership, a recognition that trade unions must not be seen as part of Britains problems. At the workplace social partnership means employers and trade unions working together to achieve common goals such as fairness and competitiveness; it is recognition that, although they have different constituencies; it is a recognition that although they have different interests, they can serve these best by making common cause wherever possible. (TUC, 1997) The implication of using this analysis was, unlike unitary theory, which it drew from accounts based upon a political heritage in democratic theory that portrayed decision making as a process of reconciling the different claims made by a variety of competing groups. In other words, it acknowledged the existence of a variety of competing interest groups, but in addition it accepted this variety as legitimated and normal. The existence of conflict was allowed for, and to an extent encouraged. What the theory appears to offer is an account of the nature of industrial relations which achieves greater realism by reflecting the political realities of the situation at that time. This is hardly surprising when the details of that historical period are considered, along with the level of trade union activity and the incidence of industrial disputes in evidence at that time. Conflict was very much the norm (Bassett, 1987). Once again, the theory also established based on a series of assumptions that are hardly recognized in practice. 2.3.2 The individualism and the collectivism Purcell (1987) considered that although Foxs unitary and pluralist theory had a major influence in the beginning of management style issue, the conceptions actually had a lot of limitations in practice. First, both unitary frame and pluralist frame have a number of variations. For example, both organizations those are essentially exploitive of labour and organizations those value the loyalty and commitment of employees are contained within the unitary frame, however, their management style are almost extremes. Similarly, organizations within pluralist frame also need to be sub divided through different kinds of variations. In addition, because of their mutually exclusive feature, these two perspectives seem do not useful as a framework of management style in employee relations. Third, it is often unclear in the way the terms have been used subsequently whether they related to managements beliefs and policies toward trade unions or, in addition, cover direct relations with employees. Therefore, he identified individualism and collectivism as two dimensions of management style of employee relations. Individualism dimension refers to the extent to which the firm gives credence to the feelings and sentiments of each employee and seeks to develop and encourage each employees capacity and role at work. Firms which have individualistically centred policies are thus expected to emphasize employees as a resource and be concerned with developing and nurturing each persons talents and worth. Payment systems might emphasize merit elements and make use of appraisal and assessment techniques designed to distinguish the contribution of each employee in anything from attitudes to attributes, as one firm puts it, The line managers role in managing people is likely to be emphasized, irrespective of whether the manager is in a production, sales, finance or a personnel position. Attitude surveys may well be used regularly since such organizations are keen to assess the efficacy of their policies. Communication systems are likely to be extensive and developed through a variety of media from newspapers and videos to the personal contact between the managers, the individual and small groups of employees. Collectivism is the second dimension of management style that concerns the extent to which the organization recognizes the right of employees to have a say in those aspects of management decision-making which concern them. There are a number of ways to distinguish it from the first one. One possibility is to use a test of trade union recognition for the determination of pay and conditions through collective bargaining. However, this is not of itself sufficient since in so doing we make assumptions about the nature of the relationship between the firm and the union and exclude organizations where employees participate in decision-making through non-union structures. A focus on industrial democracy might be more helpful since it would allow for a variety of methods by which managers become to a greater or lesser extent accountable for their actions to employees, and where staff have some say in decision making. The only problem is that there is no agreed definition of industrial democracy. Purcell and Grays category of management style The category developed by Purcell and Gray in 1986 is one of the most popular typologies of management style (Torrington et al, 2008). Comparing with the typologies mentioned above, it is more comprehensive. Purcell and Gray (1986) defined five types of management styles in employee relations, which are traditional style, Sophisticated human relations style, consultative style, constitutional style, and standard modern style. The traditional style considers labour as a factor of production and employee subordination is assumed to be part of the natural order of the employment relationship. Usually, trade unions are not accepted in this style. This style is mainly adopted by small owner managed companies. In addition, the product market often highly competitive, emphasis on cost control. Grunwick processing laboratories Ltd, Port of Tilbury are typical case adopting this management style. The sophisticated human relations style view employees as the companys most valuable resource. Comparing with the other companies in the same industry, this kind of company usually par employees more above average pay. The aim is to inculcate employee loyalty, commitment and dependency. Companies choose this management style seek to make it unnecessary or unattractive for staff to unionise. This style is usually adopted by large, American owned, single industry, financially successful organizations with a high market share in growth industries. IBM and Marks Spencer are typical cases adopting this management style. The consultative style is similar to the sophisticated human relations companies except that unions are recognised. An attempt is made to build constructive relationships with the trade unions and incorporate them into the organizational fabric. Emphasis is also placed on techniques designed to enhance individual employee commitment to the firm and the need to change. This style is often adopted by British or Japanese owned single industry companies that are large and economically successful, often with a high market share. Companies with relatively low labour costs often adopt this style. Esso and Cadbury Schweppes are typical cases adopting this management style. The Constitutional style have been recognised for some time and accepted as inevitable. Employee relations policies centre on the need for stability, control and the institutionalisation of conflict. Management prerogatives are defended through highly specific collective agreements. The importance of management control is emphasised with the aim of minimising or neutralising union constraints on both operational (line) and strategic (corporate) management. This style is often adopted by single industry companies with mass production or large batch production requiring a large unit size of operation. Labour costs form in these companies indicates a significant proportion of total costs. The product market conditions are often highly competitive. Ford is a typical case adopting this management style. The standard modern style refers to pragmatic employee relations and trade unions are recognised within organizations. Employee relations are viewed as the responsibility of operational management. The importance attached to employee relation policies changes in the light of circumstances. There can be marked differences of approach between establishments or divisions and between various levels of the hierarchy. This style is often adopted by conglomerate, multiproduct companies that have grown through acquisition and diversification, especially in the engineering and heavy manufacturing industries with long traditions of unionisation. General Electrical Co., and British airways are typical cases adopting this management style. 2.4 Employee involvement 2.4.1 The importance and necessity of employee involvement It is quite possible to run a successful business without involving employees in management activities to any meaningful extent, but the chances of sustained success are higher when employees are involved (Torrington et al, 2008). Objectives are more effectively and efficiently achieved if employees have some say in decision making, especially as it affects their own areas of work. Torrington and his colleagues summarized two main reasons for this phenomenon. On one hand, managers may be paid more than their staff, but that does not mean that they always know best. There is no fount of wisdom exclusive only to managers. Ultimately it is for managers to make decisions and to be held accountable, and these can be tough to make. But the chances that they will make the right decision are enhanced if they listen to the views of others and allow their own ideas to be subjected to a degree of scrutiny and constructive criticism. Moreover, involvement allows managers to tap into the ideas and suggestions of staff. The best new ideas often originate from people lower down organizational hierarchies, because they are closest to the operational coalface and often to customers. On the other hand, employees like being involved. They appreciate having their opinions listened to and acted upon, particularly in matters that directly concern their day to day activities. The chances of their being positively satisfied with their work are thus greatly improved if they are genuinely able to be involved. The knock on effects include lower staff turnover, lower levels of absence, the ability to attract more recruits and higher levels of performance. The effective management of change is especially enhanced by employee involvement because people are always happier to support what they helped to create. Types of employee involvement practices Hyman and Mason (1995) identify four categories of employee involvement: Downward communication to individual employees Downward communication to groups of employees Upward communication to individual employees Upward communication to groups of employees Downward communication from managers to employees is used to inform and educate employees so that they are more likely to endorse management initiatives and plans. Chapter three RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction Based on Morse and Fields (1995) framework from the health sciences, Creswell et al (2007) summarized five main approaches used in qualitative research, which are narrative research, case study research, grounded theory, phenomenology research and participatory action research. In this dissertation, case study research methodology is used to explain how employee relations can affect the business performance of legacy airlines. background and definition Although some (Stake, 2005) stated that case study research is not a methodology but only a choice of the object of study, more experts considered it as a methodology, a comprehensive research strategy, and a type of design in qualitative research (Merrian,1998; Yin, 2003; Creswell et al, 2007). According to Yin (2003), a case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident. Therefore, he (2003) indicated that the case study inquiry is mainly used to deal with the technically characteristic situation in which there will be many more variables of interest than data points, and as one result relies on multiple sources of evidence, with data needing to converge in a triangulating fashion, and as another result benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions to guide data collection and analysis. Likewise, Creswell et al (2007) summarized that case study research is: a qualitative approach in which the investigator explores a bounded system (a case) or multiple bounded systems (cases) over time through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information (e.g., observations, interviews, audiovisual material, and documents and reports) and reports a case description and case-based themes. 3.3 Variants of case study research Qualitative case studies may be distinguished by the intent of case analysis. Three variations that exist in terms of the intent- the single instrumental case study, the collective or multiple-case study and the intrinsic case study (Creswell et al, 2007). In a single case-study the focus is on one issue or concern and a bounded case is selected to illustrate this issue (Stake, 1995). In a collective or multiple-case study, the focus is one issue but multiple cases are selected to illustrate this issue. Multiple case design uses the logic of replication as the procedures a re replicated for each case (Yin, 2003). Qualitative researchers are reluctant to generalize from one case to another as the contexts of the cases differ. However, to generalize, representative cases should be selected (Creswell et al, 2007). In an intrinsic case study, the focus is on the case itself e.g. studying a student having a difficulty (Stake, 1995). This paper examines the nature of employee relations (issue or concern) taking the example of an organization- British Airways PLC (case). Therefore it is a single instrumental case study. It explains how theories of employee relations have been applied in practice. 3.4 Case study techniques Many researchers such as Simons (1980), Yin (1984) and Stake (1995) have written about case study research and suggested techniques for conducting this research. They proposed the following steps- determine the research question, select the case and determine data gathering and analysis techniques, preparation and collection of data in the field, evaluate and analyze the data and prepare the report. I have followed these steps during my research. 3.3.1 Determining the research question To arrive at the research question a research focus has to be established along with a research object. In this research, the main focus is on managing employee relations in organizations. The research object can be a program, entity, a person or a group of person (Soy, 1997). Here, the research object is an organization (entity). In this study, I am primarily interested in determining how employee relations is dealt with in organizations. First, I have conducted a literature review that provides information on employee relations and helps to define the following questions: The employee relations status in British Airways, and How to deal with poor employee relations? 3.3.2 Select the case and determine data gathering and analysis techniques There are a number of organizations in the UK suffering from poor employee relations. One of these is the British Airways PLC (Grugulis and Wilkinson, 2002). British Airways is now getting bogged down in collective disputes from its employees. Foreman (1948) suggested three broad categories of data gathering techniques. First, personal documents includes all record yielding information concerning the pattern or functioning of the researchers own personal or social life. It may reflect a social situation to which the author is responsive to or his/her own behaviour (Foreman, 1948). Second, participation observation records includes all chronicles prepared by the analysts following assumption for purpose of investigation of member roles in the unit studied (Foreman, 1948). Third, person reports includes all forms written by persons not directly participating in or identified with, but seeking to organize or to interpret the experiences or history of some personal, group, class, ecological, or cultural unit (Foreman, 1948) 3.3.3 Preparation and collection of Data A case study research requires large amount of data from multiple sources. Systematic organization of data is important to prevent the researcher from becoming overwhelmed by the amount of data and to prevent the researcher from losing sight of the original research purpose and questions (Soy, 1997). Databases have to be prepared to assist with categorizing, sorting, storing, and retrieving data for analysis. It is essential to note down key problems and events, identify key people and revise the research design to address and add to the original set of res